What Jobs Can I Get With A Degree In Econometrics?

Written by Shahid Lakha, Spires Co-Founder

A degree in econometrics provides graduates with advanced analytical, statistical, and quantitative skills, creating opportunities in sectors such as finance, banking, government, consultancy, and international organisations. Typical roles include economic analyst, data scientist, statistician, financial analyst, and management consultant. Responsibilities in these positions often involve economic forecasting and developing data-driven recommendations. Employers highly value expertise in data interpretation and predictive modelling, making econometrics graduates sought after across various industries. Further investigation can reveal pathways to career advancement and specialised roles.

TLDR

• Econometrics graduates can work as Economic Analysts, interpreting data and forecasting trends for government agencies or private firms.
• Financial Analyst roles are common, involving performance evaluation, financial forecasting, and investment recommendations in banks or corporations.
• Many become Statisticians, analysing large datasets to inform decisions in sectors like healthcare, government, or research organisations.
• Data Scientist positions are available, using advanced statistical and programming skills to solve business or policy problems across industries.
• Management Consultant roles allow graduates to apply quantitative analysis to guide corporate strategy and address complex business challenges.

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Introduction to Careers with a Degree in Econometrics

A foundation in econometrics offers access to a diverse range of professional opportunities, as employers in finance, government, and consulting increasingly seek individuals skilled in converting complex data into practical insights.

Graduates with a degree in econometrics are well-prepared to address economic challenges in roles such as financial analyst, data analyst, or economic policy associate. Their training in data analysis, forecasting, and economic modelling enables them to support ethical decision-making and contribute to positive societal change.

Understanding Econometrics and Its Applications

Econometrics combines statistical and mathematical methods to analyse economic data, enabling individuals to interpret relationships among economic variables and support evidence-based decision-making.

Through advanced coursework, students develop skills in data analysis, statistical modelling, and programming, which are essential for extracting insights from complex datasets.

These analytical abilities are valued across various sectors, including finance, healthcare, and public policy, where econometric analysis informs strategic planning, policy evaluation, and market forecasting.

What Is Econometrics?

Econometrics is a discipline that integrates the quantitative precision of mathematics with economic theories and statistical analysis to scrutinise and interpret economic data.

It employs econometric modelling to identify relationships between economic variables, facilitating data-driven decision-making in areas such as public policy formulation and business strategy development.

By converting complex economic data into practical insights, econometrics enables organisations and governments to address societal challenges more effectively, predict future outcomes, and evaluate the effects of interventions.

This makes it a valuable tool for those involved in service-oriented problem-solving.

Skills and Knowledge Gained from Studying Econometrics

In pursuing a degree in econometrics, students develop a strong combination of quantitative and analytical skills. This enables them to explore complex economic phenomena using advanced statistical and mathematical frameworks.

Such rigorous academic training provides a thorough understanding of economic theory alongside proficiency in data interpretation, predictive modelling, and effective communication. The curriculum is structured to prepare individuals for evidence-based decision-making and problem-solving.

Graduates acquire a comprehensive skill set, including:

• Advanced statistical and mathematical modelling skills
• Expertise in data analysis and computer programming
• Strong critical thinking and problem-solving abilities
• Ability to communicate complex concepts to diverse audiences

The Range of Sectors Using Econometric Analysis

As modern economic challenges become more complex and the volume of available data grows, numerous sectors now rely on econometric analysis to make informed decisions and shape strategic directions.

Professionals skilled in econometric analysis serve in various roles, providing data-driven insights that enable organisations to better serve communities and stakeholders.

Key sectors employing these skills include:

• Financial institutions, which use forecasts and risk assessments to guide investment and lending decisions responsibly.
• Healthcare organisations, which analyse data to improve patient outcomes and allocate resources effectively.
• Government agencies, which employ data analysis to develop effective policies and manage public resources efficiently.
• Consulting firms, which offer advice on market dynamics and strategic planning based on robust data analysis.

Main Job Sectors for Econometrics Graduates

Graduates with a degree in econometrics are in demand across various sectors, including banking and financial services. Their skills in quantitative analysis play a crucial role in supporting investment strategies and assessing risks.

There are also opportunities in government and public sector organisations, corporate enterprises, international institutions, and NGOs. These entities rely on econometricians to inform policy decisions, optimise operations, and evaluate programme effectiveness.

Additionally, those interested in research and academia can contribute to the development of the field’s theoretical foundations or support evidence-based decision-making within academic and research institutions.

Banking and Financial Services

Graduates with a background in econometrics are in high demand within the banking and financial services sector. Their quantitative expertise is particularly valuable in investment banking, financial analysis, and specialised areas such as risk management and credit analysis.

By employing advanced statistical methods and econometric models, these professionals assess market trends, evaluate investment opportunities, and identify potential financial risks. This analysis is crucial for supporting strategic decision-making in banks and financial institutions.

These roles offer not only competitive salaries but also a dynamic environment where graduates can apply their analytical skills to influence significant financial outcomes.

Investment Banking Roles

Individuals with a background in econometrics possess strong analytical skills, making them well-suited for investment banking.

This field requires proficiency in data analysis, statistical modelling, and quantitative assessment of financial markets. Their expertise in financial modelling, valuation, and risk assessment allows them to assist clients in making informed investment decisions.

In particular, they play a crucial role in mergers and acquisitions, where advanced econometric techniques are employed to optimise outcomes and ensure sound financial management.

Financial Analyst Positions

Financial analyst positions are a notable career option for those with a degree in econometrics, particularly within the banking and financial services sectors.

Graduates utilise their strong analytical and quantitative skills to forecast budgets, profits, and losses. They employ econometric models to provide data-driven recommendations, assisting organisations in improving their financial planning and performance analysis.

This role is integral to helping organisations operate more efficiently and effectively.

Risk Management and Credit Analysis

Opportunities in risk management and credit analysis offer valuable career paths for individuals with a degree in econometrics, especially within the banking and financial services industries.

In these roles, professionals focus on assessing financial risks, developing strategies to mitigate these risks, and evaluating creditworthiness. They utilise advanced statistical models to inform lending decisions and safeguard institutional stability, thereby benefiting both organisations and their clients.

Government and Public Sector Opportunities

Government and public sector roles offer valuable opportunities for econometrics graduates. These individuals are in demand for positions within Government Economic Services, policy analysis, and economic research teams.

Econometricians often collaborate with statistics and data agencies, employing advanced quantitative techniques to inform policy decisions, evaluate programme effectiveness, and contribute to national economic strategies.

Through their expertise in statistical modelling and data interpretation, they play a crucial role in developing evidence-based public policy and ensuring efficient resource allocation.

Government Economic Services

A degree in econometrics offers various career opportunities, with the public sector—particularly the Government Economic Service (GES)—being a notable area for graduates to apply their analytical skills to policy challenges.

GES is the largest employer of economists in the UK, providing structured graduate programmes and diverse roles that directly influence public sector decision-making and contribute to societal well-being.

Policy Analysis and Economic Research

Graduates with a degree in econometrics are well-equipped to pursue various roles in policy analysis and economic research within the public sector.

By employing advanced statistical and analytical techniques, econometricians contribute to the design, evaluation, and refinement of public policies.

They offer evidence-based recommendations that address societal challenges, thereby supporting the common good through data-driven and impactful analysis.

Statistics and Data Agencies

As data-driven policymaking becomes central to effective governance, statisticians and econometricians are in high demand within national and regional statistics and data agencies.

These professionals analyse extensive economic data sets, conduct rigorous research, and evaluate public programme outcomes to directly inform policy and resource allocation.

Their expertise in statistics and data interpretation supports evidence-based decision-making, which can improve public welfare and foster economic resilience.

Corporate and Private Sector Companies

In the corporate and private sectors, graduates with expertise in econometrics often contribute to fields such as business analytics and data science.

They analyse extensive datasets to derive insights that guide strategic decisions. Many also enter management consulting, where they help organisations optimise processes and improve profitability through quantitative analysis.

Additionally, market research roles allow the application of econometric techniques to understand consumer behaviour and predict market trends, making these sectors appealing for those interested in data-driven careers.

Business Analytics and Data Science

In the ever-evolving landscape of corporate and private sector organisations, the demand for professionals skilled in econometrics remains strong, particularly in business analytics and data science.

Graduates employ advanced statistical and analytical skills to interpret complex datasets, identify trends, and develop predictive models. This expertise supports organisations in making data-driven decisions, enhancing growth, efficiency, and their ability to serve clients and communities.

Management Consulting

Many management consulting firms actively seek graduates in econometrics due to their exceptional analytical skills and ability to interpret complex datasets.

These competencies are vital for providing data-driven recommendations to clients across various industries. Econometrics professionals are valued for their expertise in forecasting, market analysis, and strategic planning.

Their ability to effectively communicate quantitative findings ensures a significant impact on client engagements and organisational decision-making within the management consulting sector.

Market Research Roles

With their advanced quantitative skills, graduates in econometrics are well-prepared for market research roles within corporate and private sector companies.

These positions demand the ability to analyse extensive consumer data and identify emerging trends, which are highly valued skills.

Market research analysts employ statistical software and sophisticated data analysis techniques to contribute to product development and pricing strategies.

Experience in this sector can lead to greater influence and career progression through providing actionable, service-oriented insights.

International Organisations and NGOs

Econometrics graduates are in high demand by economic development agencies and international organisations. They provide analytical expertise crucial for policy evaluation and the development of effective strategies.

Using advanced quantitative methods, these professionals analyse extensive economic data to inform international policy analysis, ensuring recommendations are based on solid empirical evidence. Their work allows organisations to assess the impact of policies on global challenges such as poverty reduction, sustainable growth, and social welfare, thereby supporting data-driven decision-making on a global scale.

Economic Development Agencies

Econometrics graduates find numerous opportunities within economic development agencies, where their expertise in data analysis and statistical modelling is essential for organisations focused on sustainable economic growth in developing regions.

These professionals are integral to assessing development initiatives, predicting economic trends, and guiding evidence-based policy. They consistently work with multidisciplinary teams to tackle challenges such as poverty reduction, equitable resource distribution, and long-term economic sustainability.

International Policy Analysis

As the global landscape of economic policy becomes more complex, graduates with a background in econometrics are well-equipped to meet the analytical demands of international organisations and non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

These professionals employ advanced econometric models to assess the outcomes of international policy initiatives, evaluate the effectiveness of humanitarian programmes, and offer data-driven recommendations.

Their analyses help shape strategies aimed at poverty reduction, economic growth, and the equitable distribution of global resources.

Academic and Research Institutions

Academic and research institutions offer numerous opportunities for econometrics graduates.

Research assistant positions provide experience in data analysis, econometric modelling, and collaboration on scholarly projects. These roles often serve as a foundation for those considering postgraduate study, offering exposure to advanced research methodologies and facilitating career development within academia.

Engaging in such positions allows graduates to establish a strong basis for future academic pursuits or specialised research careers, while contributing to ongoing investigations in economics and related fields.

Research Assistant Positions

Research assistant positions offer valuable opportunities for graduates in econometrics to utilise their quantitative skills within academic and research settings, where there is a consistent demand for skilled analysts.

In these roles, assistants contribute to research projects through data collection, econometric analysis, and report preparation. This experience provides exposure to complex economic issues and develops their ability to evaluate policies using evidence-based methods and make significant scholarly contributions.

Postgraduate Study and Career Development

Graduates in econometrics often seek further academic qualifications to enhance their expertise and expand career opportunities, especially in academic and research institutions.

Postgraduate study, such as specialised master’s or doctoral programmes, prepares individuals to contribute effectively to economic research, data analysis, and policy formulation.

This advanced education enables them to provide evidence-based solutions that benefit communities and supports a career focused on service and impact.

Popular Job Titles for Econometrics Graduates

Econometrics graduates are in demand for positions requiring strong analytical and quantitative skills. Popular job titles include Economic Analyst, Statistician, Financial Analyst, Data Scientist, and Management Consultant. These roles leverage proficiency in statistics and economic theory, equipping graduates to analyse complex data, guide strategic decisions, and tackle critical business challenges across various sectors.

The following table outlines these roles to demonstrate the range of opportunities available:

Job Title	Key Skills	Typical Industry
Economic Analyst	Economic modelling, reporting	Government, Research
Statistician	Statistical analysis, surveys	Healthcare, Public Policy
Financial Analyst	Financial modelling, forecasting	Finance, Investment

Economic Analyst

Graduates with a background in quantitative economics can pursue various career opportunities, with the role of an Economic Analyst being particularly prominent.

This position requires rigorous analytical skills and a strong command of statistical modelling. Economic analysts utilise their expertise to interpret complex economic data, forecast trends, and produce reports that inform policy decisions and organisational strategies.

Experience in sectors such as government, financial services, or consulting supports effective economic planning and offers avenues for career advancement.

This role also allows professionals to contribute to the broader well-being of society.

Statistician

Given the quantitative rigour inherent in econometrics programmes, graduates are well-prepared for careers as statisticians.

This profession requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of mathematical techniques to identify patterns in complex data. Statisticians apply their expertise in data analysis, often using advanced software tools refined during their studies, to support decision-making in sectors such as healthcare and government.

This role offers a competitive national average salary of £92,270 per year. Statisticians collaborate across disciplines, providing insights that drive societal improvements and benefit communities through evidence-based policy and research.

Financial Analyst

Among the various career paths available to individuals with a degree in econometrics, the position of financial analyst is a popular and rewarding choice. Graduates with a strong foundation in statistical analysis and economic theory often gravitate towards this role.

Financial analysts employ their skills in economic research to evaluate organisational performance, forecast financial outcomes, and formulate strategic plans to support sustainable growth. Their expertise allows them to interpret complex datasets, collaborate with investment managers, and develop actionable recommendations that guide companies towards financial stability and success.

This makes them invaluable to organisations aiming to serve stakeholders with insight-driven and responsible financial management.

Data Scientist

A career as a Data Scientist presents a compelling opportunity for individuals with a degree in econometrics. The analytical and quantitative skills developed during their studies align well with the demands of this field.

Econometrics graduates excel in interpreting complex datasets, using their expertise to identify trends and generate insights. Data Scientists assist organisations in making informed, data-driven decisions, which benefit communities and stakeholders.

With proficiency in programming languages and analytical tools, these professionals are in high demand in sectors such as finance, healthcare, and technology.

Management Consultant

Building on a solid analytical foundation and quantitative expertise gained through econometrics, management consulting emerges as a dynamic career path where these skills are highly sought after.

Management consultants with an econometrics background apply advanced statistical methods and economic modelling to tackle complex organisational challenges, providing insights that enhance efficiency and achieve cost savings for clients.

By utilising strong analytical skills, they identify trends, forecast outcomes, and recommend data-driven strategies, thereby enabling organisations to make informed decisions.

With salaries ranging from £80,000 to £150,000, this role is attractive to those interested in promoting positive, evidence-based change within diverse business environments.

Academic Researcher and Lecturer

A career as an academic researcher or lecturer in econometrics offers individuals the opportunity to apply their advanced quantitative skills to contribute significantly to both academic discourse and the broader understanding of economic phenomena.

Researchers in this field conduct original studies, publishing findings that advance knowledge and inform policy-making.

Lecturers are responsible for educating future economists by teaching statistical methods, economic theory, and data analysis, thereby preparing students for influential careers.

These roles typically require a Ph.D. and offer competitive salaries.

They are increasingly sought after as universities and research institutes focus on data-driven, evidence-based approaches to addressing economic challenges.

Key Skills Employers Look For

Employers in econometrics prioritise candidates with expertise in both technical and interpersonal skills, recognising that success requires more than numerical aptitude.

Individuals with a strong foundation in statistical analysis, proficiency in modern data tools, and the ability to communicate complex findings effectively are highly regarded in the job market.

Employers seek the following key skills:

• Statistical and analytical capabilities for rigorous data interpretation.
• Data handling and software proficiency, especially with programming languages and econometric tools.
• Communication and problem-solving skills to translate insights into actionable strategies.
• Project and time management skills to ensure the efficient completion of analytical projects.

Statistical and Analytical Skills

Statistical and analytical skills are fundamental for individuals with a degree in econometrics. These abilities allow professionals to interpret complex economic data and derive insights essential for informed decision-making.

Employers often seek candidates proficient in advanced statistical techniques, such as regression analysis and forecasting, as these are crucial for assessing trends and supporting evidence-based recommendations.

Analytical thinking enables graduates to evaluate intricate data sets and identify significant patterns, ultimately guiding business or policy actions that are beneficial to society.

Clear communication of statistical findings ensures that data-driven solutions are accessible and actionable for a wide range of stakeholders.

Data Handling and Software Proficiency

Proficiency in data handling and software is fundamental for professionals with a degree in econometrics. The ability to manage, manipulate, and analyse large and complex datasets is required across sectors employing econometricians.

Employers value expertise in statistical software such as R, Python, and SAS for econometric modelling, while skills in SQL are necessary for data querying and database management.

Familiarity with data visualisation tools like Tableau or Power BI, as well as experience with big data technologies such as Hadoop or Spark, distinguishes candidates who can deliver valuable insights and effective service.

Communication and Problem-Solving Abilities

While technical expertise is fundamental to an econometrician’s skill set, the capacity to communicate complex concepts clearly, and approach problems with analytical precision, is equally vital for graduates in this field.

Effective communication enables econometrics professionals to convey detailed analyses into comprehensible insights for clients, colleagues, and stakeholders. This facilitates collaboration and enhances the impact of their work.

In parallel, strong problem-solving skills allow them to examine intricate data, identify significant trends, and suggest innovative solutions to economic issues. This makes them invaluable in settings where interdisciplinary cooperation and informed decision-making are crucial for serving the wider community.

Project and Time Management

Employers consistently seek econometrics graduates who can demonstrate strong project and time management abilities, as these skills are integral to managing the demands of fast-paced, data-driven environments.

Effective project management allows individuals to carefully plan, execute, and monitor complex initiatives, ensuring they align with organisational objectives and are completed on time.

Proficiency in time management enables professionals to prioritise tasks, meet tight deadlines, and optimise productivity while maintaining high standards of analytical accuracy.

Pathways to Professional Success

Pathways to achieving professional success for graduates in econometrics are forged through the strategic accumulation of experience via internships, placements, and relevant work opportunities.

These experiences not only improve technical skills but also facilitate the development of crucial industry connections. Networking within the field and actively seeking mentorship can provide access to advanced roles and specialised sectors.

Pursuing postgraduate qualifications further enhances career prospects by demonstrating commitment and expertise to employers.

Building Experience During University and Beyond

Establishing a robust foundation for a career in econometrics requires more than academic success; students should actively pursue opportunities that connect theoretical knowledge with practical application. Internships in finance, banking, or consulting sectors offer invaluable exposure to industry practices and enhance employability upon graduation.

Additional ways to gain experience and prepare for service-oriented roles include:

• Joining university economics societies and networking groups to cultivate professional relationships.
• Engaging in research projects to apply econometric theories to real-world challenges.
• Taking on tutoring roles to develop communication and teaching skills.
• Participating in government summer schemes focused on applied economic analysis.

Internships, Placements, and Work Experience

Academic achievement and involvement in extracurricular activities form the foundation for a career in econometrics. However, gaining practical experience through internships, placements, and work experience is crucial for professional development.

These opportunities enable individuals to refine their technical skills and gain insights into economic challenges, enhancing their ability to contribute effectively to organisations and communities.

Consider the following avenues for gaining valuable work experience:

• Apply for internships with government entities such as the Government Economic Service.
• Seek placements in finance, consultancy, or economic research institutions.
• Engage in university economics society initiatives to access unique opportunities.
• Pursue roles focused on data-driven policy analysis.

Networking and Industry Connections

Recognising the significant role of professional relationships in career development, graduates in econometrics should actively build strong networks within their chosen industries. This approach maximises employment prospects and increases exposure to job opportunities that may not be publicly advertised.

Networking not only enhances visibility among potential employers but also offers practical insights and guidance from experienced professionals. To improve employability and effectively support others, graduates are advised to engage with:

• Professional organisations and industry conferences to access hidden job markets.
• University economics societies for mentorship and access to exclusive job listings.
• Alumni networks for specialised career advice and introductions.
• Relevant internships to establish connections with employers and gain practical experience.

Postgraduate Options and Career Development

For graduates with a degree in econometrics, pursuing postgraduate education can be a strategic approach to gaining advanced expertise and accessing a wider range of professional opportunities.

By obtaining a postgraduate qualification, individuals can focus on areas such as health economics or regional development, thereby improving their career prospects and effectively serving specific communities.

Advanced degrees in econometrics often facilitate entry into esteemed roles, including statistician, financial analyst, or data scientist, where specialised skills are highly valued.

Continuous professional development, such as workshops and certifications, further fortifies one’s career path, as employers consistently seek candidates with proven analytical and technical proficiency.

Advice for Students Pursuing Econometrics

Students pursuing excellence in econometrics should focus on mastering quantitative methods and statistical software while understanding current trends in the job market, such as the integration of data science and machine learning in economic analysis.

Utilising resources such as professional job boards, university career centres, and specialised online platforms can assist in identifying and securing opportunities. Engaging with Spires Online Tutors for targeted academic support can also be beneficial.

Combining technical expertise with practical experience and a robust professional network enhances employability and prepares students for various roles in this competitive field.

How to Make Your Skills Stand Out

Enhancing one’s profile in the competitive field of econometrics demands a deliberate and multifaceted approach, as employers seek candidates who exhibit not only technical proficiency but also the ability to translate complex data into actionable insights.

To ensure their skills stand out within the industry, aspiring econometricians should consider the following:

• Develop expertise in statistical software and programming languages, such as R or Python, to improve analytical capabilities.
• Gain practical experience through internships or industry-related work to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
• Engage in research or project-based learning to address real-world economic challenges.
• Cultivate communication skills to effectively convey insights to diverse, service-oriented audiences.

Trends in the Job Market

As the labour market landscape evolves, there is a growing focus on data-driven decision-making, which influences the demand for professionals skilled in econometrics, particularly in sectors such as finance, healthcare, and government.

Individuals pursuing careers in this field should be aware of several significant trends that impact opportunities:

• Employers are placing greater emphasis on candidates possessing strong analytical, statistical, and programming skills.
• Practical experience, such as internships and project work, enhances employability.
• Networking and active participation in professional organisations can uncover hidden job opportunities.
• Salaries for roles in econometrics vary considerably, reflecting the diversity of opportunities and the value attributed to specialised expertise.

Resources for Finding Jobs and Opportunities

As the job market increasingly values data-driven expertise, those pursuing careers in econometrics should strategically utilise a variety of resources to facilitate both entry into and advancement within the field.

By engaging thoughtfully with specialised platforms and professional networks, individuals focused on providing economic insights can effectively identify opportunities that align with their ambitions and skills.

Key resources for this purpose include:

• CareerHub offers tailored job boards, events, and career support.
• LSE Careers events facilitate connections with employers in finance and policy sectors.
• Government Economic Service internships provide practical experience.
• The Society of Professional Economists offers networking opportunities and job listings.

Enhancing Your Employability with Spires Online Tutors

Many students aiming for careers in econometrics can improve their employability by utilising specialised support such as that provided by Spires Online Tutors.

This platform offers tailored guidance to deepen understanding of complex statistical models and economic theories fundamental to the field. By collaborating with experienced tutors, students can enhance essential skills in data analysis, programming, and statistical software, thus preparing for roles like data scientist or financial analyst.

Spires also supports project-based learning, enabling students to create portfolios that showcase their analytical abilities, while access to industry mentors offers valuable insights into navigating the competitive job market.

Frequently Asked Questions

What Jobs Can You Do With an Econometrics Degree?

This inquiry explores potential career paths for individuals with a degree in econometrics. Graduates can pursue roles such as data analysts, financial analysts, risk analysts, economic policy associates, or quantitative analysts. These positions allow them to provide valuable insights that facilitate informed decision-making within organisations and communities.

Is Econometrics a Useful Degree?

An econometrics degree is useful as it provides individuals with analytical skills to address practical challenges. This enables them to contribute to societal well-being through informed decision-making in various service-oriented sectors.

Is Econometrics High Paying?

The question concerns whether expertise in econometrics can lead to well-paying careers. Data indicates that professionals skilled in econometrics often obtain lucrative positions. This expertise enables individuals to support themselves while contributing significantly to sectors like finance and policy that benefit society.

What Is the Salary After Econometrics?

The salary for those with a background in econometrics can vary considerably, with graduates typically earning between £45,000 and £90,000 annually. Roles that focus on service, such as research analysis or policy advising, provide competitive compensation while allowing individuals to contribute to society.

Author Bio:

Shahid Lakha is a distinguished Educational consultant with a robust background in Physics and a progressive career in both the independent education sector and EdTech. As a Co-Founder of Spires he has been enhancing online tutoring excellence since 2016. A dedicated private tutor since September 2011, Shahid educates students in Maths, Physics, and Engineering up to university level. He holds an MSc in Photon Science from the University of Manchester and a BSc in Physics from the University of Bath. This article was fact checked by Karol Pysniak, Spires Co-Founder